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Most of the heart attacks and strokes occur suddenly in an apparently healthy individual in his mid or late forties/fifties, when he is more useful to the society, and at a time when he has acquired the knowledge. accumulated the wisdom and is just ripe for applying the hard earned experience. Prediction can therefore come only by detection of risk factors which may forewarn the individual for further cardiovascular investigation and may help in prevention of the disease by adopting preventive measures.

These are classified as non – avoidable and avoidable.

• Family History. IHD runs in families.
• Age. Occurrence of IHD is directly proportional to age. Prime targets are men between 35-50 years; incidence is also rising in females.
• Gender. Young men are at greater risk than the women of same age. In women the incidence is relatively lower in childbearing age.
• Race. Asians are at higher risk due to the presence of faulty genes.
• Smoking. Smoking which is an important IHD risk factor. is quite prevalent in our society including the Armed Forces."Passive Smokers" or people sitting around a smoker also equally share the harmful effects of tobacco smoking. Smokers have much higher incidence of Lung Cancer and other Respiratory Diseases as compared to Non – smokers. Under the age of 50. heavy smokers have about 10 times the risk of a fatal heart attack compared with non – smokers.
• Lack of Physical Activity! Exercise. There is growing evidence that lack of exercise contributes to the development of IHD. lt is an established fact that those undertaking vigorous exercise such as jogging. running cycling or swimming have about one third the incidence of IHD compared with those who have no physical activity and lead a sedentary life.
• Obesity. lt is an independent risk factor. Men who are 20 92:- overweight have 35 (it) excess mortality. from IHD.
• Hypertension (High Blood Pressure). Hypertension is a risk factor in lschaemic Heart Disease. Mild hypertension contributes most to the occurrence of [HD, because it is much more prevalent than the severe form.
• Raised Blood Cholesterol. Cholesterol is a constituent of animal fats and oils. There is a clear co-relation between raised blood cholesterol level and the risk of IHD.
• Diabetes Mellitus. lf Diabetes Mellitus is kept under good control and regular exercise is taken, diet is kept low in fat etc. smoking is avoided, the incidence of [HD is reduced. Half of the diabetic patients with IHD admitted in hospital are dead within one year
• Personality Type A and Mental Stress. Persons who belong to personality type A are said to have. a higher risk of IHD. The type A personality is one involved in intense striving for achievement, competitive- ness. aggressiveness and impatience. Mental stress and strain of daily life. adds to the problem. lt aggravates the symptoms of established heart disease and worsens contributory diseases.

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